Food Allergies: Reducing the Risks

Food allergies can range from merely irritating to life-threatening. Approximately 30,000 Americans go to the emergency room each year to get treated for severe food allergies, according to the Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network (FAAN). It is estimated that 150 to 200 Americans die each year because of allergic reactions to food.

Food allergies affect about two per­cent of adults and four to eight per­cent of children in the United States, and the number of young people with food allergies has increased over the last decade, according to a recent report by the Centers for Dis­ease Control and Prevention (CDC). Children with food allergies are more likely to have asthma, eczema, and other types of allergies.

Overview
Some food allergies can be out­grown. Studies have shown that the severity of food allergies can change throughout a person’s life.

“There is no cure for food allergies,” says Stefano Luccioli, M.D., senior medical advisor in the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Office of Food Additive Safety (OFAS). “The best way for consumers to protect themselves is by avoiding food items that will cause a reaction.” OFAS is part of FDA’s Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN).

To reduce the risks from allergic reactions, FDA is working to ensure that major allergenic ingredients in food are accurately labeled in accor­dance with the Food Allergen Label­ing and Consumer Protection Act of 2004 (FALCPA). Allergenic ingredi­ents are substances that are capable of causing an allergic reaction.

In addition, there has been wide­spread use of allergen advisory labels on products that may have allergenic ingredients that were introduced by way of cross contact during the manufacturing process. Cross con­tact occurs when a residue or other trace amount of an allergenic food is unintentionally incorporated into another food.

Because FALPCA does not require the declaration of allergenic ingredi­ents introduced through cross con­tact, FDA is developing a long-term strategy that will help manufactur­ers use voluntary allergen advisory labeling that:


 * Is not misleading
 * Conveys a clear and uniform message
 * Adequately informs food-allergic consumers and their caregivers

What is a Food Allergy?
A food allergy is a specific type of adverse food reaction involving the immune system. The body produces what is called an allergic, or immunoglobulin E (IgE), antibody to a food. Once a specific food is ingested and binds with the IgE antibody, an allergic response ensues.

A food allergy should not be confused with a food intolerance or other nonallergic food reactions. Various epidemiological surveys have indicated that almost 80 percent of people who are asked if they have a food allergy respond that they do when, in fact, they do not have a true IgE-mediated food allergy.

Food intolerance refers to an abnor­mal response to a food or additive, but it differs from an allergy in that it does not involve the immune sys­tem. For example, people who have recurring gastrointestinal problems when they drink milk may say they have a milk allergy. But they really may be lactose intolerant.

“One of the main differences between food allergies and food intolerances is that food allergies can result in an immediate, life-threatening response,” says Luccioli. “Thus, compared to food intoler­ances, food allergic reactions pose a much greater health risk.”

Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms of a food allergy usually develop within about an hour after eating the offending food. The most common signs and symptoms of a food allergy include:


 * Hives, itching, or skin rash
 * Swelling of the lips, face, tongue and throat, or other parts of the body
 * Wheezing, nasal congestion, or trouble breathing
 * Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nau­sea, or vomiting
 * Dizziness, lightheadedness, or fainting

In a severe allergic reaction to food—called anaphylaxis—you may have more extreme versions of the above reactions. Or you may experi­ence life-threatening signs and symp­toms such as:
 * Swelling of the throat and air pas­sages that makes it difficult to breathe
 * Shock, with a severe drop in blood pressure
 * Rapid, irregular puls
 * Loss of consciousness

Major Food Allergens
FALCPA, a comprehensive food la­beling law, has been in effect since January 1, 2006. Under FALCPA, food labels are required to state clearly whether the food contains a major food allergen.

A major food allergen is defined as one of the following foods or food groups, or is an ingredient that con­tains protein derived from one of the following foods or food groups:


 * Milk
 * Eggs
 * Peanuts
 * Tree nuts such as almonds, wal­nuts, and pecans
 * Soybeans
 * Wheat
 * Fish
 * Shellfish such as crab, lobster, and shrimp

“These foods or food groups account for 90 percent of all food allergies in the United States, and FALCPA focuses on IgE-related food allergies,” according to Luccioli. “This law does not protect everyone with a food allergy, but should protect the majority of people who may have severe allergic responses to foods,” he says.

More than 160 different foods have been reported to cause aller­gies; the list of major allergens in the United States is limited to eight foods. “Other countries may have different foods on their lists because food aller­gies reflect patterns of consumption,” Luccioli says. “For example, in Europe there is a high prevalence of allergies to mustard and celery.”

FDA Public Hearing on Labeling
FDA held a public hearing on Sep­tember 16, 2008, to help the agency determine how manufacturers use advisory labeling for food allergens.

FDA is also evaluating how con­sumers interpret different advisory labeling statements, as well as what wording is likely to be most effective in communicating the likelihood that an allergen may be present in a food.

“The public hearing was held in part to address labeling that manufac­turers voluntarily use because of cross contact concerns,” says Felicia Billing­slea, director of the Food Labeling and Standards Staff in FDA’s Office of Nutrition, Labeling and Dietary Supplements.

Cross contact may occur during:


 * Harvesting
 * Transportation
 * Manufacturing
 * Processing
 * Storage

Many food manufacturers may try to prevent cross contact through the use of dedicated facilities or dedicated production lines. Also, a variety of advisory statements are used on pack­age labels to indicate possible cross contact. For example, a label might indicate: “Produced in a plant that processes wheat.”

FDA asked twelve questions at the public hearing that related to the use of specific advisory statements and advisory labeling in general.

Some of the questions asked were:


 * What specific advisory statements adequately inform consumers of the potential risk of cross contact with allergenic materials?
 * What advisory statements most accurately communicate to con­sumers and their caregivers the potential risk of the presence of an allergen? Why?

Advice for Consumers
If you have food allergies, you must be prepared for unintentional ex­posures. To protect yourself, the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) recom­mends that you:


 * Wear a medical alert bracelet or necklace stating that you have a food allergy and are subject to severe reactions.
 * Carry an auto-injector device con­taining epinephrine (adrenaline) that you can get by prescription and give to yourself if you think you are experiencing a food allergic reaction.
 * Seek medical help immediately if you experience a food allergic reaction, even if you have already given yourself epinephrine, either by calling 911 or getting transportation to an emergency room.

Related Videos
This FDA Consumer Update video highlights how FDA is working to ensure that allergens in food are clearly and accurately labeled.